Introduction

Crime is referred to as “the entire body of knowledge regarding the causes and prevention of crime, punishment and correction of criminals, and operation of correctional institutions and agencies.” Various theories have emerged over time to shed light on the motivations behind criminal acts.

1.      Classical and Neo-classical Theories

The classical theory of crime, rooted in the works of thinkers like Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, is based on man’s rational will (choices based on the perceived benefits) and Hedonism (pain/pleasure principle). The British neo-classicist criminologists revised the classical theory in 1810 and 1819. Even then, Neo-classicists continued to accept the principles of free will of man and hedonism.

2.      Biological Theories (Positive School of criminology)

Biological theories of crime focus on the biological and genetic factors such as brain structure, genetics, neurochemical imbalance etc. that may predispose individuals to criminal behaviour. Lombroso, Ferri and Garofalo were three major positivists who laid stress on physiological incapacity of an individual or the biogenic or hereditary aspects of criminal behaviour.

3.      Psychogenic Theories

The science of endocrinology led to the emphasis of hormones and internal glands in the causation of crime. Schlapp linked crime with endocrinological deficiencies and hormonal imbalance. Sheldon related crime to physiological makeup; on the basis of their physique: endomorphic, ectomorphic and mesomorphic. Psychogenic theories consist of psychological theories (propounded by Goddard), Psychiatric theory (propounded by William and Healy) and Psychoanalytical theory (propounded by Adler and others).

4.      Strain Theory (Anomie theory- Structural aspect)

Strain theory, developed by Robert K. Merton, suggests that individuals are more likely to turn to crime when they experience a disconnect between societal goals and the means available to achieve those goals. Merton had identified five modes of adaptation available to those who react to the goals and means of society: Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism and Rebellion.

5.      Social Learning Theories

Social learning theories, influenced by the work of Albert Bandura, posit that criminal behaviour is learned through interactions with others. Individuals may observe, imitate, and internalize criminal conduct if they are exposed to deviant role models or environments. The concept of differential association emphasizes the influence of peers and social networks on criminal behaviour.

6.      Multiple-factor approach

It argued that the crime should be understood in terms of varied contributions made by variety of factors instead of single factor such as inherited physical traits, emotional disturbances etc. Scholars like William Healy, Cyril Burt, Sheldon and Glueck believed in multiple-factor approach. Although, criminologists like Cohen and many others criticized this approach.

Conclusion

Theories of crime offer valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of criminal behaviour. While these theories provide distinct perspectives, it is crucial to recognize that criminal conduct is often the result of a complex interplay of multiple factors, including individual, societal, and environmental elements. To effectively address and prevent crime, it is necessary to consider the multifaceted nature of criminal behaviour and employ a holistic approach that incorporates insights from various theories, along with evidence-based practices and policies.

Written By:

Anshika Srivastava

Volunteer-AFRS